tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44932427431967301442024-03-14T02:16:08.052-07:00Belajar Apa SajaSedikit Informasi, Semoga MenginspirasiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-34583467283732526762013-05-22T12:30:00.003-07:002013-05-22T12:30:49.116-07:00Wanita Ini Terlahir dengan 4 Ginjal<br />
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<strong><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ES0i2jEyZVQ/UZ0csrJQfrI/AAAAAAAAAh0/SmiuO0FBJpk/s1600/111403_jessicacurpheydailymail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ES0i2jEyZVQ/UZ0csrJQfrI/AAAAAAAAAh0/SmiuO0FBJpk/s1600/111403_jessicacurpheydailymail.jpg" height="215" width="320" /></a></strong></div>
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<strong>Surrey, Inggris,</strong> Manusia umumnya terlahir dengan dua
buah ginjal, yang terletak di sisi kiri dan kanan tubuh. Tapi tidak pada
tubuh Jessica Curphey, kondisi sangat langka membuat wanita ini
memiliki 4 buah ginjal yang sudah ada sejak ia lahir.<br /><br />Jessica
Curphey (20) dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah mengalami sakit yang luar
biasa di sisi kanan tubuhnya. Beberapa minggu sebelumnya, dokter
mendiagnosis infeksi urine dan meresepkan antibiotik.<br /><br />Namun hasil
scan di Surrey's St Helier Hospital menunjukkan bahwa ada kista
berukuran 17 cm pada ginjal kanannya. 11 hari kemudian, pemeriksaan
lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa Jessica memiliki dua ginjal di sisi
kanannya, juga satu ginjal lain yang tadinya dikira kista. Karena sudah
rusak cukup parah, dokter pun menyarankan untuk melakukan operasi.<br /><br />Nah,
selama operasi itulah dokter menemukan ada ginjal lainnya, yang berarti
Jessica memiliki 4 buah ginjal. Kondisi ini sangat langka dan merupakan
'hak' istimewa memiliki ginjal dengan jumlah ganda.<br /><br />"Saya kira aneh tidak mengetahui apa yang terjadi di dalam tubuh Anda sampai sesuatu terjadi," ujarnya, seperti dilansir <em>Daily Mail</em>, Rabu (22/5/2013).<br /><br />Konsultan
ahli bedah urologis, Robyn Webber, mengatakan memiliki tiga ginjal pada
satu sisi tubuh sangat jarang terjadi. Menurutnya, hanya kurang dari
100 kasus serupa yang pernah dilaporkan.<br /><br />Selama operasi, dokter
menguras lebih dari 2.000 ml cairan dari ginjal ketiganya yang rusak dan
terinfeksi. "Jess tidak pernah sakit sebelum ini. Karena ginjal ini
begitu parah dan rusak oleh infeksi, konsultan urolog memberitahu bahwa
satu-satunya solusi adalah mengangkatnya," jelas sang ibu, Alison (45).<br /><br />Setelah ginjal yang rusak dioperasi pada bulan Juni tahun lalu, Jessica kini mengumpulkan uang untuk Kidney Research UK.<br />
sumber : <a href="http://health.detik.com/">health.detik.com</a> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-85003531936442707402013-05-22T12:24:00.001-07:002013-05-22T12:24:17.532-07:00Penemuan Baru! Ilmuwan Jepang Ciptakan Sel Khusus Pembunuh KankerHingga kini kanker bisa dikatakan sebagai salah satu penyakit yang
hampir tak ada obatnya alias sulit disembuhkan. Berbagai pengobatan yang
sudah ada pun hanya bertujuan mengurangi kemampuan sel 'jahat' kanker
untuk berkembang biak. Namun baru-baru ini tim peneliti dari Jepang
menemukan pengobatan kanker baru dengan memanfaatkan sel T yang diklaim
dapat membunuh kanker untuk pertama kalinya.<br /><br />Sebenarnya secara
alami sel T atau bagian dari sel darah putih yang berperan utama dalam
sistem kekebalan sel sudah terdapat di dalam tubuh setiap orang tapi
jumlahnya kecil. Oleh karena itu peneliti menduga dengan menyuntikkan
sel T tambahan dalam jumlah besar ke tubuh pasien maka upaya itu dapat
memperkuat sistem kekebalan sel dan tubuh secara menyeluruh untuk
melawan kanker.<br /><br />Untuk membuat sel spesifik yang disebut dengan
limfosit T pembunuh (killer T lymphocytes) ini, awalnya tim peneliti
harus memprogram ulang limfosit T yang memiliki spesialisasi membunuh
beberapa jenis kanker tertentu menjadi jenis sel lain yang disebut
induced pluripotent stem cells (sel iPS). Sel-sel iPS inilah yang
menghasilkan limfosit T spesifik kanker.<br /><br />Kendati begitu, studi
sebelumnya menemukan limfosit T pembunuh yang dihasilkan di dalam
laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode konvensional dianggap kurang
efisien dalam membunuh sel-sel kanker karena masa hidupnya yang sangat
pendek sehingga penggunaan limfosit T pembunuh untuk pengobatan kanker
menjadi terbatas.<br /><br />Beruntung peneliti telah mengantisipasi kendala
itu. Untuk mengatasinya, tim peneliti dari RIKEN Research Centre for
Allergy and Immunology yang dipimpin Hiroshi Kawamoto ini pun memprogram
ulang limfosit T pembunuh pada orang dewasa menjadi sel-sel iPS dan
mengamati bagaimana sel-sel ini terdiferensiasi. Caranya dengan memapari
limfosit T pembunuh dengan 'faktor Yamanaka' atau sekelompok senyawa
yang menginduksi sel-sel agar kembali ke tahap non-spesialisasi.<br /><br />Kemudian
sel-sel iPS yang diperoleh dari proses itu ditumbuhkan di dalam lab dan
diinduksi agar dapat berdiferensiasi menjadi limfosit T pembunuh. Jenis
limfosit T baru ini pun telah terbukti spesifik dengan limfosit asli
yang ada pada beberapa jenis kanker kulit yang sama.<br /><br />Tak hanya
itu, peneliti juga mempertahankan reorganisasi genetik selnya dan
membuat limfosit T pembunuh ini mampu mengekspresikan reseptor kanker
spesifik pada permukaan 'tubuhnya'. Limfosit T baru ini juga diketahui
aktif memproduksi senyawa anti-tumor.<br /><br />"Kami telah berhasil
mengembangkan sel-sel T spesifik antigen dengan membuat sel-sel iPS dan
mendiferensiasikan mereka untuk kembali menjadi sel T yang fungsional,"
tukas Dr. Kawamoto seperti dilansir dari <em>Daily Mail,</em> Sabtu (5/1/2013).<br /><br />"Langkah
selanjutnya adalah menguji apakah sel T ini dapat membunuh sel-sel
tumor secara selektif, tidak dengan sel-sel lainnya di dalam tubuh. Jika
mereka bisa melakukannya maka sel-sel ini dapat disuntikkan langsung ke
dalam tubuh pasien untuk terapi. Bahkan hal ini bisa direalisasikan
dalam waktu dekat," lanjutnya.<br /><br />Studi ini telah dipublikasikan dalam jurnal <em>Cell Stem Cell</em>.<br />
sumber: <a href="http://health.detik.com/">health.detik.</a> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-9553063547320931672013-05-22T12:19:00.000-07:002013-05-22T12:19:11.142-07:00Buah Manggis Obat Alami HIV/AIDS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MmK1mM6BccU/UZ0Z-X8m3DI/AAAAAAAAAhk/oJIt6hpAiO0/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MmK1mM6BccU/UZ0Z-X8m3DI/AAAAAAAAAhk/oJIt6hpAiO0/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-2" rel="hiv aids|2" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV Aids</a></div>
<span style="color: black;"> sampai sekarang belum ada pengobatan medis yang
bisamenghilangkan penyakit yang satu ini jikalau sudah menyerang
seseorang. Namun, ada beberapa penelitian bahwa ada juga </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">obat tradisional</a><span style="color: black;">
yang bisamenyembuhkan atau paling tidak mengurangi penyakit dan
berusaha menyembuhkan penyakit yang satu ini. Di </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">ekstrak </a><span style="color: black;">kulit manggis
yang sudah </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">saya</a><span style="color: black;">jelaskan pada pembahasan sebelumnya, ternyata bisa
menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk bisamenyembuhkan atau mengobati
penyakit </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-3" rel="hiv aids|3" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV Aids</a><span style="color: black;">.</span><br style="color: black;" /><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">Siapa sih orangny
yang mau sakit? Tentunya semua orang tidak mau sakit bukan? Nah apalagi
jika sakit yang satu ini nih.. Sakit apa sih? Sakit
</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-4" rel="hiv aids|4" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV Aids</a><span style="color: black;"> sahabat.
Anda pasti sering kali mendengar tentang </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">penyakit </a><span style="color: black;">yang sangt mematikan
yang satu ini dan belum ada obatnya. Ya, penyakit </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-5" rel="hiv aids|5" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV aids</a><span style="color: black;"> memang bisa
menyerang siapa saja, apalagi jikalau gaya hidupnya terlalu bebas dan
sering gonta ganti pasangan, ataupun narkoba, atau bisa juga menyerang
kita tanpa kita sadari bahwa pasangan kita atau teman kita telah
tertular virus </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-6" rel="hiv aids|6" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV AIDS</a><span style="color: black;"> yang satu ini. Nah, ternyata </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-7" rel="hiv aids|7" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV Aids</a><span style="color: black;"> sampai
sekarang belum ada pengobatan medis yang bisamenghilangkan penyakit yang
satu ini jikalau sudah menyerang seseorang. Namun, ada beberapa
penelitian bahwa ada juga obat tradisional yang bisamenyembuhkan atau
paling tidak mengurangi penyakit dan berusaha menyembuhkan penyakit yang
satu ini. Di ekstrak kulit manggis yang sudah </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">saya</a><span style="color: black;">jelaskan pada
pembahasan sebelumnya, </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">ternyata </a><span style="color: black;">bisa menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk
bisamenyembuhkan atau mengobati penyakit </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4493242743196730144" id="ch-link-8" rel="hiv aids|8" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 129, 189) ! important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) ! important; text-decoration: none ! important;">HIV Aids</a><span style="color: black;">.</span><br style="color: black;" /><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">Penyakit HIV /
AIDS merupakan penyakit yang masih belum ada pengobatannya se</span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/search/label/Tips%20And%20Trick" style="color: black;">cara</a><span style="color: black;"> medis
sampai sekarang ini, sehingga cukup membahayakan dan menghawatirkan
penderita penyakit HIV / AIDS. tetapi dengan penelitian dan penemuan
baru sehingga ada untuk pengobatan dan penyembuhan obat alami penyakit
HIV / </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">AIDS</a><span style="color: black;">. dan para penderita jangan terlalu khawatir dengan mengidap
penyakit HIV/AIDS tersebut karena saaat ini ada penemuan baru obat alami
penyakit </span><a href="http://student-brains.blogspot.com/" style="color: black;">HIV </a><span style="color: black;">/ AIDS.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-11702829319113543582013-05-22T11:34:00.004-07:002013-05-22T11:34:46.463-07:007 Dampak Negatif Dari Kemarahan Bagi Kesehatan Tubuh<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
kesehatan emosional anda yaitu di antara kunci untuk melindungi tubuh
terus sehat. emosi seseorang dapat diperlihatkan saat ia tengah jadi
suka perihal satu perihal, marah pada orang lain, ataupun takut dapat
suatu hal. apabila anda tengah jadi bahagia atau suka, maka dapat
beresiko positif pada kesehatan tubuh dengan total. sebaliknya, bila
anda tengah diselimuti amarah yang tinggi, maka dapat beresiko negatif
untuk kesehatan tubuh anda.<br /><br />risiko kesehatan yang berkenaan
dengan kemarahan dinilai cukup serius. pasien yang alami penyakit
jantung dapat menghadapi risiko kesehatan yang amat serius serta fatal
jika mereka tengah marah. oleh karena itu, kita disarankan untuk belajar
bagaimana memanajemen atau mengontrol diri saat rasa marah datang.
perihal ini karena dampak negatif untuk kesehatan tubuh yang diakibatkan
akibat kemarahan tidaklah sedikit.<br />beragam masalah serta penyakit yang datang ke tubuh akibat kemarahan<br /><br />1. stres<br />di
antara dampak negatif yang diakibatkan akibat kemarahan yaitu stres.
sesudah kemarahan reda, umumnya seseorang dapat alami stres, yang
selanjutnya bisa mengakibatkan penyakit serius layaknya diabetes,
tekanan darah tinggi, depresi, serta lain sebagainya.<br /><br />2. penyakit jantung<br />masalah
jantung layaknya jantung berdebar amat kencang melebihi batas normal
dipicu akibat kemarahan. bila anda terhitung orang yang cepat marah,
detak jantung anda barangkali selalu meningkat, bikin anda rawan pada
serangan jantung.<br /><br />3. masalah tidur<br />saat anda marah, beragam
hormon ‘berkecamuk’ didalam tubuh anda. perihal ini sangat mungkin anda
untuk alami masalah tidur. bila tubuh tidak memperoleh istirahat yang
cukup, tubuh anda rawan terkena beragam penyakit. disamping itu, kurang
tidur dapat bikin pikiran anda kacau.<br /><br />4. tekanan darah tinggi<br />tekanan
darah tinggi dapat dikarenakan oleh kemarahan. saat anda marah, tekanan
darah didalam tubuh anda makin meningkat untuk sesaat waktu. tetapi
demikianlah, perihal tersebut terus tidak menghindari anda dari risiko
penyakit jantung yang dikarenakan tekanan darah tinggi.<br /><br />5. problem pernapasan<br />orang
yang rawan alami masalah pernapasan layaknya asma, dapat makin sukar
untuk bernapas saat mereka marah. kemarahan dengan mudah dapat
menyebabkan serangan asma serta bikin anda terengah-engah.<br /><br />6. sakit kepala<br />kemarahan
dapat bikin pembuluh darah diotak berdenyut makin ‘liar’. perihal ini
menyebabkan berlangsungnya sakit kepala yang akut.<br /><br />7. stroke<br />stroke
berlangsung waktu pembuluh darah yang ada di otak pecah, bikin pasokan
darah ke satu sisi otak jadi terganggu. perihal ini dapat berlangsung
akibat kemarahan, dimana bikin tekanan darah didalam tubuh makin tinggi.
stroke bisa melumpuhkan tubuh anda saat itu juga. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-37829292053300524022013-05-22T11:29:00.002-07:002013-05-22T11:32:32.244-07:00Manfaat Coklat Bagi Kesehatan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WCHjGnI9sx8/UZ0PAazREwI/AAAAAAAAAhM/OduCC8S7KJg/s1600/Manfaat+Coklat+Bagi+Kesehatan+Kita.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WCHjGnI9sx8/UZ0PAazREwI/AAAAAAAAAhM/OduCC8S7KJg/s1600/Manfaat+Coklat+Bagi+Kesehatan+Kita.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent;">Memang belum dibuktikan
pada manusia, namun setidaknya penelitian pada siput sudah menunjukkan
manfaat cokelat dalam memperbaiki fungsi otak. Bisa dibayangkan bahwa
siput yang terbiasa lemot saja bisa jadi lebih cepat, apalagi kalau
diterapkan pada manusia. </span><br />
<br />
Sebenarnya masih banyak Manfaat Coklat Bagi Kesehatan di antara nya yaitu:<br />
<br />
4. Membuat Panjang Umur<br />
<br />
Coklat pun mengandung zat yang mampu memperlambat penuaan yang artinya
menjakian kita panjang umur. Konsumsi coklat secara teratur dapat
mengurangi keriput dan melindungi kulit dari terbakar sinar matahari.<br />
<br />
6. Menghilangkan Stress<br />
<br />
Coklat juga dianggap sebagai salah satu makanan yang dapat mengusir
stres. Menurut penelitian dari Universitas California, Sandiego, orang
yang stres, mulai dari tingkat stres ringan hingga tingkat depresi,
mereka mengaku makan cokelat saat suasana hati mereka galau atau bad
mood.<br />
<br />
3. Menurunkan Tekanan Darah<br />
<br />
Manfaat coklat yang lainya menurut penelitian adalah menurunkan tekanan
darah. kandungan coklat yang membuat mood lebih baik ternyata mampu
menurunkan tekanan darah.<br />
<br />
5. Cokelat Membuat Awet Muda<br />
<br />
Sebuah studi di British Medical Journal menemukan bahwa konsumsi coklat
dan permen dapat memperpanjang hidup selama hampir satu tahun
dibandingkan dengan mereka yang menghindari permen. Hal ini mungkin
karena antioksidan dalam cokelat. Sebuah studi di 2009 menemukan bahwa
pasien yang mengalami serangan jantung yang makan cokelat memiliki
risiko kematian lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak
mengkonsumsi cokelat.<br />
sumber :<a href="http://dsannin.blogspot.com/">dsannin</a> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-52693960339445843972013-05-22T07:04:00.001-07:002013-05-22T07:10:33.566-07:00Manfaat Menangis Bagi Kesehatan<span class="widget-item-control">
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8MMXNLATk9c/UBlGQS0wO9I/AAAAAAAASfQ/w3yr1ALUG-0/s1600/menangis.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8MMXNLATk9c/UBlGQS0wO9I/AAAAAAAASfQ/w3yr1ALUG-0/s1600/menangis.jpeg" /></a></div>
Banyak orang yang merasa enggan menangis, karena takut dibilang cengeng.
Tak heran jika banyak pria yang lebih memendam perasaan dan emosinya,
ketimbang harus menangis. Sebaiknya, singkirkan pemikiran tersebut sejak
dini.<br />
<br />
Menangis adalah luapan emosi seseorang yang tak dapat
terbendung. Tak hanya kesedihan, menangis juga dapat terjadi karena rasa
bahagia. Bahkan, sebagian orang merasa dirinya terlepas bebas usai
menangis.<br />
<b><br />Tahukah Anda jika menangis itu baik untuk kesehatan?</b><br />
<b><br />1. Membuang racun.</b><br />
Dengan
mengeluarkan air mata, secara tidak langsung Anda telah membersihkan
racun dan kotoran debu di dalam mata. Menangis tak hanya sekadar luapan
emosi, tetapi juga suatu cara otentik dan abadi bagi manusia untuk
menjadikan diri lebih baik.<br />
<b><br />2. Alami.</b><br />
Ekspresi marah
bukanlah sifat yang alami. Kemarahan dapat berujung pada tindakan
negatif yang dapat merugikan seseorang. Beda dengan menangis, hal ini
adalah cara pintar tubuh manusia untuk melepaskan beban yang dapat
memberi kenyamanan demi kesehatan psikis.<br />
<br />
<b>3. Memberikan kesempatan menyentuh emosi yang lebih dalam.</b><br />
Menangis
akan membuat Anda mengenal sisi lain diri Anda. Dengan begitu, Anda
akan tahu batasan-batasan di mana Anda merasa kuat. Secara otomatis,
pembentukan pola pikir menjadi lebih baik akan mudah terbentuk.<br />
<b><br />4. Manifestasi fisik yang disebabkan emosi internal dan pikiran.</b><br />
Menangis
juga menjadi tanda atau respons tubuh terhadap sesuatu yang bersifat
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Sumber: viva.co.id<br />
<a href="htthttp://www.beritaonline.web.id">klik sumber</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-1258368310515872672013-05-22T06:58:00.001-07:002013-05-22T06:58:18.638-07:00ANALISIS VITAMIN C SECARA IODIMETRI DAN MANFAATNYA BAGI TUBUH<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ANALISIS KADAR
VITAMIN C SECARA IODIMETRI SERTA MANFAATNYA BAGI TUBUH</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vitamin C atau asam askorbat, merupakan vitamin yang
dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai buah-buahan dan sayuran. Vitamin C berwarna putih,
berbentuk kristal senyawa organik, dan dapat disintesis dari glukosa atau
diekstrak dari sumber-sumber alam tertentu seperti jus jeruk. Vitamin pertama
kali diisolasi dari air jeruk nipis oleh Gyorgy Szent tahun 1928 (Rahmawati,
2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vitamin C dikenal sebagai penangkal radikal bebas
dalam fasa cair sel dalam sistem peredaran darah. Vitamin C bertindak ampuh
mengurangi oksigen, nitrogen, dan sulfur yang bersifat radikal. Vitamin C
bekerja sinergis dengan tokoferol yang tidak dapat mengikat radikal lipofilik
dalam area lipid membran dan protein. Pengobatan dengan vitamin C dapat
memulihkan kadar zat besi dalam tubuh (Thuppil, 2013).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Titrasi iodimetri adalah salah satu metode titrasi
yang didasarkan pada reaksi oksidasi reduksi. Iodimetri merupakan titrasi
terhadap zat-zat reduktor yang dilakukan secara langsung. Titrasi iodimetri ini
dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan kadar zat-zat oksidator secara langsung,
seperti kadar yang terdapat dalam serbuk vitamin C. Dalam bidang farmasi metode
ini dapat juga digunakan untuk menentukan kadar zat-zat yang mengandung
oksidator lainnya, misalnya Cl<sub>2</sub>, Fe (III), Cu (II) dan sebagainya.
Dengan mengetahui kadar suatu zat, berarti dapat diketahui pula mutu dan
kualitasnya (Sugiarti, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengonsumsi vitamin C yang berkualitas memiliki
banyak manfaat bagi tubuh, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan yang dapat
menangkal radikal bebas dan detoksifikasi obat dalam hati. Untuk
menentukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu kadar yang berkualitas
dalam vitamin C, maka dapat digunakan metode iodimetri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari uraian di atas, penulis tertarik untuk membahas
mengenai analisis kadar vitamin C dengan metode iodimetri, serta manfaatnya
bagi tubuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Analisis Kadar Vitamin C Secara Iodimetri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Titrasi iodimetri merupakan titrasi redoks.
Titrasi-titrasi redoks berdasarkan pada perpindahan elektron antara titran
dengan analit. Jenis titrasi ini biasanya menggunakan potensiometri untuk
mendeteksi titik akhir, meskipun demikian, penggunaan indikator yang dapat
merubah warnanya dengan adanya kelebihan titran juga sering digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penentuan jumlah Vitamin C dapat dilakukan dengan metode
titrasi iodimetri bipotentiometrik. Metode ini menghasilkan asam askorbat yang efisien
dengan harga yang relatif rendah dengan murah peralatan. Sedangkan jika
analisis menggunakan metode spektrofotometri, Vitamin C yang dihasilkan kurang layak,
karena lebih mahal dan memakan waktu yang lebih lama dibandingkan iodimetri
dengan perbedaan yang signifikan dalam akurasinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prinsip dasar dari metode titrasi iodimetri ini
adalah penambahan berlebih ion iodida ke dalam larutan kromium yang merupakan
oksidator, kemudian ion kromium <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>inilah
yang mengoksidasi ion iodida menjadi iod, iod yang bebas kemudian dititrasi
dengan natrium tiosulfat. Iod mengoksidasi tiosulfat menjadi ion tetrationat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam titrasi iodimetri
ini antara lain vitamin C, larutan iodium, KI, larutan pati, dan air. Sedangkan
alat yang dapat digunakan antara lain Erlenmeyer, gelas ukur, gelas kimia,
petridish, piprt ukur, batang pengaduk, timbangan analitik, buret, corong,
pipet volum, statif dan klem, pemanas, stopwatch, dan botol semprot.
Langkah-langkah dalam titrasi iodimetri adalah (1) melarutkan vitamin C dalam
100 ml air dalam labu takar, (2) larutan tersebut dimasukkan dalam 6 erlenmeyer
masing-masing sebanyak 5 ml, (3) kemudian dipanaskan pada suhu 40° C dalam 60
menit, pemanasan dilakukan dengan suhu yang berbeda untuk setiap erlenmeyer,
(4) dilakukan titrasi dengan larutan pati sebagai indikatornya hingga terbentuk
warna biru sebagai tanda titik akhir titrasi. Metode ini dapat diulang dengan
suhu dan konsentrasi asam askorbat yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Metode titrasi langsung iodimetri dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>standar iodium digunakan untuk menentukan vitamin C. Metode ini sangat
efektif, sebab vitamin C mudah teroksidasi dan iodium mudah berkurang. Untuk
mengurangi disipasi penguapan, iodium direaksikan dengan KI untuk membentuk Ion
tri-iodida (I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>). Standarisasi larutan iodium tidak
memerlukan air, melainkan menggunakan pati sebagai indikator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika dalam suatu sampel (obat) mengandung
vitamin C ditambahkan iodine, vitamin C akan teroksidasi, iodium berkurang, dan
larutan menjadi berwarna biru. Perubahan warna ini menjadi dasar terjadinya
reaksi dan menunjukkan titik akhir titrasi. Dari titrasi ini, jumlah larutan
iodium yang digunakan setara dengan konsentrasi asam askorbat disetiap 60 menit
interval sampel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Manfaat Vitamin C Bagi Tubuh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vitamin adalah sekelompok senyawa organik kompleks
yang dibutuhkan tubuh dalam jumlah kecil. Vitamin harus dipasok dari luar tubuh
manusia, sebab manusia tidak dapat mensintesis Vitamin sendiri. Salah satu
vitamin tersebut adalah Vitamin C. Jumlah yang tepat dari vitamin C yang tubuh diperkirakan
45 sampai 75 mg per hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vitamin C diperlukan untuk mengaktifkan berbagai enzim
yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas sistem saraf, hormon, dan detoksifikasi obat
dan racun dalam hati. Kedua, perannya sebagai antioksidan. Kelarutannya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memungkinkan untuk bekerja sebagai antioksidan
dalam cairan tubuh. Ketiga, vitamin C meningkatkan tingkat penyerapan zat besi,
kalsium, dan asam folat. Keempat, vitamin C dapat mengurangi reaksi alergi,
meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh, merangsang pembentukan empedu dalam
kantong empedu, dan memfasilitasi berbagai ekskresi steroid . Vitamin C penting
dalam fungsi otak, dimana otak mengandung sejumlah besar vitamin C. Sebuah
studi yang dilakukan oleh dua peneliti di Universitas Texas Woman menemukan
bahwa siswa SMA dengan kadar Vitamin C dalam darah yang tinggi, dapat
meningkatkan IQ siswa tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vitamin C diperlukan untuk menjaga struktur kolagen,
yaitu sejenis protein yang menghubungkan semua jaringan serabut, kulit, urat,
tulang rawan, dan jaringan lain di tubuh manusia. Struktur kolagen yang baik
dapat menyembuhkan patah tulang, memar, pendarahan kecil, dan luka ringan. Buah
jeruk, salah satu sumber vitamin C terbesar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vitamin C juga berperan penting dalam membantu
penyerapan zat besi dan mempertajam kesadaran. Melalui pengaruh pencahar,
vitamini ini juga dapat meningkatkan pembuangan feses atau kotoran. Vitamin C
juga mampu menangkal nitrit penyebab kanker. Penelitian di Institut Teknologi
Massachusetts menemukan, pembentukan nitrosamin (hasil akhir pencernaan bahan
makanan yang mengandung nitrit) dalam tubuh sejumlah mahasiswa yang diberi vitamin
C berkurang sampai 81%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hipoaskorbemia (defisiensi asam askorbat) bisa
berakibat seriawan, baik di mulut maupun perut, kulit kasar, gusi tidak sehat
sehingga gigi mudah goyah dan lepas, perdarahan di bawah kulit (sekitar mata
dan gusi), cepat lelah, otot lemah dan depresi. Di samping itu, asam askorbat
juga berkorelasi dengan masalah kesehatan lain, seperti kolestrol tinggi, sakit
jantung, artritis (radang sendi), dan pilek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kekurangan vitamin C bisa mengakibatkan penyakit
kudis, yang tanda-tandanya bisa dilihat dari terjadinya radang gusi, luka
bernanah, pembengkakan pada persendian. Bahkan kekurangan vitamin C yang parah
dapat menyebabkan kematian. Sumber vitamin C adalah buah-buahan, khususnya yang
rasanya manis, jambu, dan sayur-sayuran. Oleh karena itu, dianjurkan untuk
mengonsumsi buah dan sayuran yang segar, sebab vitamin C ini mudah hilang saat
dimasak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk menentukan kadar vitamin C dapat digunakan
titrasi iodimetri yang merupakan analisis kuantitatif dalam kimia yang melibatkan
reaksi reduksi oksidasi yang menggunakan larutan iodium sebagai zat penitrasi.
Vitamin C merupakan senyawa organik kompleks yang dibutuhkan tubuh dalam jumlah
kecil, tetapi sangat memberi manfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh, utamanya sebagai
antioksidan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gandjar, Ibnu
Gholib dan Abdul Rohman, 2007, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia
Farmasi Analisis</i>, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad, Abdul
Basith, 2006, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pola Makan Rasulullah:
Makanan Sehat Berkualitas Menurut al-Qur’an dan as-Sunnah</i>, Almahira,
Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rahmawati, Sitti
dan Bunbun Bundjali, 2012, Kinetics of the Oxidation of Vitamin C, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurnal Indo J. Chem</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ISSN: 291 - 296</b>, Universitas Tadulako.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rajasulochana,
dkk, 2013, An Investigation on the Antioxidants, Antifungal and Antibacterial
of the Kappaphycus Alvarezii, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Research
Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Volume 4 Issue 1</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ISSN:
0975-8585</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, India.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Revan,
2011, Vitamin C (Asam Askorbat), </span><a href="http://drevan.blogspot.com/2011/06/vitamin-c-asam-askorbat.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://drevan.blogspot.com/2011/06/vitamin-c-asam-askorbat.html</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,
diakses tanggal 7 April 2013.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sugiarti, 2008,
Pengaruh Jenis Aktivasi Terhadap Kapasitas Adsorpsi Zeolit pada Ion Kromium
(VI), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jurnal Chemical</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vol. 9 Nomor 2</b>, UNM, Makassar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Thuppil,
Venkatesh, 2013, Treating Lead Toxicity: Possibilities beyond Synthetic
Chelation, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Krishna Institute
of Medical Sciences University</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vol.
2, No. 1</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ISSN 2231-4261</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">,
India.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0Kendari, Indonesia-3.969608 122.58789999999999-29.4916425 81.279305999999991 21.5524265 163.896494tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-60188093624916802132011-12-23T20:38:00.000-08:002011-12-23T20:38:32.674-08:00artikel adat istiadat suku-suku di sulawesi tenggara<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
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<b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ADAT
ISTIADAT SUK<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">U-SUKU DI SULAWESI TENGGARA</span></span></b><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BUTON</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PAKANDE-KANDEA</span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pakande-kandea
adalah suatu event tradisional yang merupakan warisan leluhur Suku Buton yang
lahir dan bermula sebagai nazar/syukuran. Dalam tradisi unik ini, disajikan
beraneka panganan kecil tradisional yang diletakkan di atas sebuah talam besar
yang terbuat dari kuningan dan ditutup dengan tudung saji bosara. Puncak dari
event ini, ketika semua tamu yang diundang mengawali acara makan bersam dengan disuapi
panganan </span>oleh remaja-remaja putrid yang berpakaian adat dan duduk bersimpuh di
sebelah talam.<br />
Seringkali, event ini merupakan ajang promosi remaja-remaja putri untuk
mendapatkan jodoh. Selain itu, event ini merupakan arena kebersamaan rakyat
untuk memupuk rasa persatuan dan kesatuan dalam hukum adat dan membina hubungan
silahturahmi yang penuh keakraban. Tradisi ini merupakan permainan rakyat yang
diatur dengan adat serta tata krama dan sopan santun tertentu yang hingga saat
ini masih hidup dalam kehidupan masyarakat Suku Buton.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">POSUO</span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tradisi Posuo merupakan salah satu tradisi dari Sulawesi Tenggara
tepatnya di daerah Buton. Yang dimaksud Buton secara umum adalah wilayah
Sulawesi Tenggara meliputi Kota Baubau, Kabupaten Wakatobi, Kabupaten Buton, dan
Kabupaten Buton Utara. Tradisi Posuo yang berkembang di Sulawesi Tenggara
(Buton) sudah berlangsung sejak zaman Kesultanan Buton. Upacara Posuo diadakan
sebagai sarana untuk peralihan status seorang gadis dari remaja (labuabua)
menjadi dewasa (kalambe), serta untuk mempersiapkan mentalnya. <a href="" name="more"></a> Upacara tersebut dilaksanakan selama delapan hari delapan malam
dalam ruangan khusus yang oleh mayarakat setempat disebut dengan suo. Selama
dikurung di suo, para peserta dijauhkan dari pengaruh dunia luar, baik dari
keluarga maupun lingkungan sekitarnya. Para peserta hanya boleh berhubungan
dengan bhisa (pemimpin Upacara Posuo) yang telah ditunjuk oleh pemangku adat
setempat. Para bhisa akan membimbing dan memberi petuah berupa pesan moral,
spiritual, dan pengetahun membina keluarga yang baik kepada para peserta.Dalam
perkembangan masyarakat Buton, ada 3 jenis Posuo yang mereka kenal dan sampai
saat ini upacara tersebut masih berkembang. Pertama, Posuo Wolio, merupakan
tradisi Posuo awal yang berkembang dalam masyarakat Buton. Kedua, Posuo Johoro
yang berasal dari Johor-Melayu (Malaysia) dan ketiga, Posuo Arabu yang
berkembang setelah Islam masuk ke Buton. Posuo Arabu merupakan hasil modifikasi
nilai-nilai Posuo Wolio dengan nilai-nilai ajaran agama Islam. Posuo ini diadaptasi
oleh Syekh Haji Abdul Ghaniyyu, seorang ulama besar Buton yang hidup pada
pertengahan abad XIX yang menjabat sebagai Kenipulu di Kesultanan Buton di
bawah kepemimpinan Sultan Buton XXIX Muhammad Aydrus Qaimuddin. Tradisi Posuo
Arabu inilah yang masih sering dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat Buton.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keistimewaan Upacara Posuo terletak pada prosesinya. Ada tiga tahap yang
mesti dilalui oleh para peserta agar mendapat status sebagai gadis dewasa.
Pertama, sesi pauncura atau pengukuhan peserta sebagai calon peserta Posuo.
Pada tahap ini prosesi dilakukan oleh bhisa senior (parika). Acara tersebut
dimulai dengan tunuana dupa (membakar kemenyan) kemudian dilanjutkan dengan
pembacaan doa. Setelah pembacaan doa selesai, parika melakukan panimpa
(pemberkatan) kepada para peserta dengan memberikan sapuan asap kemenyan ke
tubuh calon. Setelah itu, parika menyampaikan dua pesan, yaitu menjelaskan
tujuan dari diadakannya upacara Posuo diiringi dengan pembacaan nama-nama para
peserta upacara dan memberitahu kepada seluruh peserta dan juga keluarga bahwa
selama upacara dilangsungkan, para peserta diisolasi dari dunia luar dan hanya
boleh berhubungan dengan bhisa yang bertugas menemani para peserta yang sudah
ditunjuk oleh pemangku adat. Kedua, sesi bhaliana yimpo. Kegiatan ini
dilaksanakan setelah upacara berjalan selama lima hari. Pada tahap ini para
peserta diubah posisinya. Jika sebelummnya arah kepala menghadap ke selatan dan
kaki ke arah utara, pada tahap ini kepala peserta dihadapkan ke arah barat dan
kaki ke arah timur. Sesi ini berlangsung sampai hari ke tujuh.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketiga, sesi mata kariya.
Tahap ini biasanya dilakukan tepat pada malam ke delapan dengan memandikan
seluruh peserta yang ikut dalam Upacara Posuo menggunakan wadah bhosu (berupa
buyung yang terbuat dari tanah liat). Khusus para peserta yang siap menikah, airnya
dicampur dengan bunga cempaka dan bunga kamboja. Setelah selesai mandi, seluruh
peserta didandani dengan busana ajo kalembe (khusus pakaian gadis dewasa).
Biasanya peresmian tersebut dipimpin oleh istri moji (pejabat Masjid Keraton
Buton). Semua Upacara Posuo dimaksudkan untuk menguji kesucian (keperawanan)
seorang gadis. Biasanya hal ini dapat dilihat dari ada atau tidaknya gendang
yang pecah saat ditabuh oleh para bhisa. Jika ada gendang yang pecah,
menunjukkan ada di antara peserta Posuo yang sudah tidak perawan dan jika tidak
ada gendang yang pecah berarti para peserta diyakini masih perawan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DOLE-DOLE</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Dole-dole meruakan tradisi yang
dilakukan oleh masyarakat buton atas lahirnya seorang anak. Menurut kepercayaan
orang buton, anak yang telah didole-dole akan terhindar dari segala macam
penyakit. Prosesi dole-dole sendiri adalah sang anak diletakkan di atas nyiru
yang dialas dengan daun pisang yang diberi minyak kelapa. Selanjutnya anak
tersebut digulingkan diatasnya seluruh badan anak tersebut berminyak. Biasanya
dilakukan pada bulan rajab, syaban dan setelah Lebaran sebagai waktu yang
dianggap baik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PIDOAANO KURI</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Piduaano
kuri adalah sebuah ritual budaya yang di lakukan oleh masyarakat Wabula,
Kecamatan Wabula Kabupaten Buton. Kegiatan ini merupakan kegiatan penutup dari
keseluruhan rangkaian kegiatan adat dan budaya masyarakat wabula selama satu
tahun.<br />
Secara harafiah Pidoaano Kuri berarti pembacaan doa untuk keselamatan hidup,
sehingga keseluruhan acara tersebut dilandasi oleh doa syukur kepada Allah atas
Rahmat dan Hidayah-Nya sejak tahun lalu hingga sekarang dan permohonan doa
untuk tahun yang akan datang.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">TOLAKI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KALO</span></u></div>
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“Kalo”
adalah suatu benda yang berbentuk lingkaran, cara-cara mengikat yang melingkar,
dan pertemuan-pertemuan atau kegiatan bersama di mana para pelaku membentuk
lingkaran. Kalo dapat dibuat dari rotan, emas, besi, perak, benang, kain putih,
akar, daun pandan, bambu dan dari kulit kerbau. Pembuatan kalo pada dasarnya
adalah dengan jalan mempertalikan atau mempertemukan kedua ujung dari
bahan-bahan tersebut pada suatu simpul. Kalo meliputi osara (adat istiadat)
yang berkaitan dengan adat pokok dalam pemerintahan, hubungan
kekeluargaan-kemasyarakatan, aktivitas agama- kepercaya-an, pekerjaan-keahlian
dan pertanian (Tarimana 1993: 20).</div>
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Dari
berbagai jenis kalo, yang dikenal luas adalah yang terbuat dari rotan, kain
putih dan anyaman. Lingkaran rotan adalah simbol dunia atas, kain putih adalah
simbol dunia tengah dan wadah anyaman adalah simbol dunia bawah. Kadang-kadang
juga ada yang mengatakan bawah lingkaran rotan itu adalah simbol matahari,
bulan dan bintang-bintang; Kain putih adalah langit dan wadah anyaman adalah
simbol permukaan bumi. Mereka juga mengekspresikan bahwa lingkaran rotan adalah
simbol Sangia Mbu’u (Dewa Tertinggi), Sangia I Losoanooleo (Dewa di Timur) dan
Sangia I Tepuliano Wanua (Dewa penguasa kehidupan di bumi), dan wadah anyaman
adalah simbol Sangia I Puri Wuta (Dewa di Dasar Bumi). Kalo juga adalah simbol
manusia: lingkaran rotan adalah simbol kepala manusia, kain putih adalah simbol
badan dan wadah anyaman adalah simbol tangan dan kaki (angota).</div>
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Demikianlah
kalo pada pola pikir dan mentalitas Tolaki menyangkut seluruh aspek kehidupan
mereka. Kalo juga merupakan ekspresi konsepsi orang Tolaki mengenai unsur-unsur
manusia, alam, masyarakat dan hubungan selaras antarmanusia dan antara manusia
dengan unsur-unsur tersebut, termasuk dalam komunitas dan pola permukiman,
organisasi kerajaan dan adat dan norma agama yang mengatur tata kehidupan
mereka. Akhirnya dapat dikatakan bahwa kalo melambangkan keselarasan dalam
kesatuan-persatuan antara segala hal yang bertentangan dan tampak bertentangan
dalam alam tempat berhuni manusia Tolaki.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">MUNA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SELAYANG PANDANG</span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aduan Kuda merupakan salah satu olahraga tradisional yang terkenal di
Sulawesi Tenggara, tepatnya di Kabupaten Muna dan telah menjadi tontonan yang
menarik bagi masyarakat luas. Di kalangan masyarakat Muna, atraksi ini populer
dengan sebutan <i>pogeraha adara</i>, yang berarti ‘adu kekuatan kuda‘.
Atraksi aduan kuda memiliki nilai filosofi yang berkaitan dengan keutamaan hak
dan harga diri dalam melaksanakan tanggung jawab. Masyarakat suku Muna akan
berupaya sekuat tenaga dalam menjaga hak dan harga dirinya, walaupun nyawa
taruhannya. Sampai sekarang, filosofi tersebut tetap menjadi pegangan dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat suku Muna. </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atraksi adu kuda ini merupakan warisan dari kerajaan Muna di era
kejayaannya. Pada awalnya, aduan kuda ditampilkan pada saat raja-raja di
Kerajaan Muna kedatangan tamu penting dari luar daerah, seperti dari pulau Jawa
atau dari daerah lain. Untuk menghibur para tamu tersebut, maka diadakanlah
atraksi aduan kuda yang kemudian menjadi tradisi turun-temurun. Setelah
kerajaan runtuh, tradisi aduan kuda tetap berkembang, bahkan saat ini menjadi
salah satu tradisi unggulan masyarakat suku Muna. </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap tahun setidaknya tiga kali diadakan atraksi aduan kuda, yaitu pada
peringatan Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia dan dua hari raya (Idulfitri dan
Iduladha). Biasanya, aduan tersebut selalu ramai ditonton oleh masyarakat. Pada
perayaan Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia, penontonnya bisa mencapai ribuan
yang datang dari berbagai daerah.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">TRADISI KARIA</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam adat suku Wuna (Muna), setiap anak perempuan
yang akan memasuki usia remaja diwajibkan menjalani tradisi pingitan (Karia)
selama empat hari empat malam atau dua hari dua malam, tergantung kesepakatan
antara penyelenggara Karia dengan pomantoto. Tradisi ini bertujuan untuk membekali
anak-anak perempuan dengan nilai-nilai etika, moral dan spiritual, baik
statusnya sebagai seorang anak, ibu, istri maupun sebagai anggota masyarakat.
Sesuai proses pingitan, diadakanlah selamatan dengan mengundang sanak keluarga,
kerabat dan handai taulan. Dalam prosesi selamatan ini digelar Tari Linda yang
menggambarkan tahap-tahap kehidupan seorang perempuan mulai dari melepaskan
masa kanak-kanak lalu memasuki masa remaja, kemudian masa dewasa dan siap untuk
mengarungi bahtera rumah tangga.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">MORONENE</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-20070651902084203482011-12-16T20:15:00.000-08:002011-12-23T18:27:10.619-08:00contoh makalah "Pengaruh Media Tanam Terhadap Kecepatan Pertumbuhan Tanaman"<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Buat temen-temen yang kelas XII, mungkin dapat tugas mengenai pertumbuhan kacang hijau. berikut contoh makalah yang bisa langsung tempel di microsoft word Anda. jangan lupa, sebelum ditempel disalin dulu ya..</span></div><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">"Pengaruh Media Tanam Terhadap Kecepatan Pertumbuhan Kacang Hijau"</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alhamdulillahi robbill alamin, puji syukur keadirat Allah SWT, atas segala rahmat, hidayah, dan inayah-NYA yang tiada ternilai sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan judul “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Media Tanam Terhadap Kecepatan Perkecambahan Biji Kacang Hijau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan, tapi berkat bimbingan dari Ibu Guru sehingga penulisan makalah ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terimakasih penulis haturkan kepada Ibu Wa Haima sebagai guru mata pelajaran Biologi yang telah membimbing penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini, tidak lupa pula penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang tua penulis yang terus memberikan do’a restu, dukungan baik meteri maupun spiritual dengan penuh keikhlasan dan kesabaran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teman-teman kelas yang telah berbagi suka maupun duka, atas kebersamaan dan persahabatan kalian sangat memberikan arti kehidupan yang merupakan anugerah terindah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan makalah. Terutama kepada “google” yang telah memberikan banyak informasi dan bahan kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan makalah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seseorang yang spesial di hati yang tak henti-hentinya memberikan semangat dikala lelah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhir kata penulis menyadari hasil makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan oleh sebab itu kritik yang bersifat membangun dari pembaca senantiasa penulis harapkan demi kesempurnaan wawasan penulis dan semoga makalah ini dapat berguna sebagai bacaan dan menambah ilmu pengetahuan pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kendari, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agustus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penulis</span></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh Berbagai Media Tanam Terhadap Kecepatan Perkecambahan Biji Kacang Hijau</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut para pendapat tokoh, perkecambahan biji merupakan bentuk awal embrio yang berkembang menjadi sesuatu yang baru yaitu tanaman anakan yang sempurna menurut Baker, 1950. Sedangkan, menurut Kramer dan Kozlowski, 1979, perkecambahan biji adalah proses tumbuhnya embrio atau keluarnya redicle dan plumulae dari kulit biji.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam perkecambahan, biji selalu mengalami pertumbuhan dan mengalami perkembangan. Pertumbuhan adalah proses kenaikan volume karena adanya penambahan substansi (bahan dasar) yang bersifat irreversibel (tidak dapat kembali). Sedangkan, perkembangan adalah proses menuju tercapainya kedewasaan yang tidak dapat diukur. Pertumbuhan dalam suatu perkecambahan biji dapat langsung diukur apabila tunasnya sudah keluar dan tumbuh. Sama halnya dengan pertumbuhan, perkembangan juga dapat dilihat dari tunas/awal, hanya saja tidak diukur melainkan melihat apa saja struktur tubuh kecambah yang mulai ada dari awal/tunas. Seperti pada awalnya, berkembang batang, akar, dan sebagainya. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan suatu kecambah biji akan selalu berbeda-beda tergantung media tanam yang dipakai dan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam media tanam tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam hal ini, dapat terlihat bahwa kegunaan antara berbagai media tanam itu berbeda-beda. Tidak hanya kegunaannya saja tapi pengaruhnya terhadap perkecambahan suatu biji. Pengaruh tersebut dapat disebabkan karena setiap media tanam mengandung unsur-unsur dan struktur yang berbeda-beda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Bagaimanakah Pengaruh Berbagai Media Tanam terhadap Kecepatan Perkecambahan Biji Kacang Hijau?”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai media tanam terhadap kecepatan perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kajian Teori</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori dalam Perkecambahan Biji Kacang Hijau</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau ini, dasar teori yang digunakan adalah teori <i>totipotensi</i> yang ditulis oleh SCHLEIDEN dan SCHWANN (Suryowinoto dan Suryowinoto, 1977) yang menyatakan bahwa teori totipotensi adalah bagian tanaman yang hidup mempunyai totipotensi, kalau dibudidayakan di dalam media yang sesuai, akan dapat tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi tanaman yang sempurna, artinya dapat bereproduksi, berkembang biak secara normal melalui biji atau spora. Perkecambahan biji ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suhu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cahaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelembapan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Air</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nutrien</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksigen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam perkecambahan biji (Jann dan Amen <i>dalam </i>Khan, 1934) selalu mengalami proses, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fisiologis dan genetis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, yaitu serangkaian proses-proses yang merupakan kelanjutan dari metabolisme dan pertumbuhan yang telah terjadi sebelumnya; serta awal dari transkripsi genom. Proses perkecambahan biji secara fisiologis:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyerapan air </span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Masuknya air secara imbibisi dan osmose</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelunakan kulit biji</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengembangan embrio dan endosperm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kulit biji pecah, radicle keluar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pencernaan</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan proses terjadinya pemecahan zat / senyawa bermolekul besar dan kompleks menjadi senyawa bermolekul lebih kecil, sederhana, larut dalam air dan dapat diangkut melalui membran dan dinding sel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Makanan cadangan utama pada biji : pati, herniselulosa, lemak, protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses pencernaan dibantu oleh enzim.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengangkutan zat makanan</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hasil pencernaan diangkut dari jaringan penyimpanan makan menuju titik-titik tumbuh pada embryonic axis, radicle dan plumulae</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji belum punya jaringan pengangkut, sehingga pengangkutan dilakukan secara difusi atau osmosis dari satu sel hidup ke sel hidup lainnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asimilasi</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan tahap terakhir dalam penggunaan cadangan makan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan proses pembangunan kembali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tenaga / energi berasal dari pernafasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pernafasan (respirasi)</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan proses perombakan makanan (karbohidrat) menjadi senyawa lebih sederhana (proses reduksi), dengan membebaskan sejumlah tenaga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertama kali terjadi pada embryonic axis; setelah cadangan habis, baru beralih ke endosperm / kotiledon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aktivitas respirasi tertinggi adalah pada saat redicle menembus kulit biji</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertumbuhan</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada dua bentuk pertumbuhan embryonic axis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tenaga / energi berasal dari proses pernafasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Morfologis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, yaitu transformasi dari bentuk embrio menjadi seedling (semai) yang sempurna. Proses perkecambahan morfologi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan suatu tahapan segera setelah terjadinya proses pengangkutan makanan dan pernafasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diawali oleh pembelahan dan perpanjangan sel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dilanjutkan dengan embryonic axis yang makroskopik yanitu keluarnya redicle atau plumulae dari kulit biji.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biokimia</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, yaitu diferensiasi sekuensial (satu persatu) pada proses-proses oksidasi dan sintesis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan perkecambahan dalam penyerapan air</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Permeabilitas kulit/membran biji.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Konsentrasi air. Karena air masuk secara difusi (dari konsentrasi rendah ke tinggi), maka konsentrasi larutan di luar biji harus tidak lebih pekat dari dalam biji.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suhu air. Suhu air tinggi : energi meningkat, difusi air meningkat sehingga kecepatan penyerapan tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan hidrostatik. Berbanding terbalik dengan kecepatan penyerapan air ketika volume air dalam membran biji telah sampai pada batas tertentu, akan timbul tekanan hidrostatik yang mendorong ke luar biji, sehingga kecepatan penyerapan air menurun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Luas permukaan biji yang kontak dengan air. Berhubungan dengan kedalaman penanaman biji berbanding lurus dengan kecepatan penyerapan air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Daya intermolekul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> merupakan tenaga listrik pada molekul-molekul tanah / media tumbuh : makin rapat molekul-molekulnya, makin sulit air diserap oleh biji berbanding terbalik dengan kecepatan penyerapan air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spesies dan varietas. Berhubungan dengan faktor genetik yang menentukan susunan kulit biji.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tingkat kemasakan. Berhubungan dengan kandungan air dalam biji : biji makin masak, kandungan air berkurang, kecepatan penyerapan air meningkat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komposisi kimia. Biji tersusun atas karbohidrat, protein, lemak. Kecepatan penyerapan air : protein>karbohidrat>lemak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Umur. Berhubungan dengan lama penyimpanan : makin lama disimpan, makin sulit menyerap air.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori mengenai Media Tanam</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam media tanam / tumbuh, tanah memiliki peran yang penting di bidang pertanian maupun perkebunan. Sifat fisik tanah dan terkandung dalam tanah yang menyebabkan tanah sering dipakai sebagai media tanam:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Profil tanah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika tanah digali sampai kedalaman tertentu, dari penampung vertikalnya dapat dilihat gradasi warna yang membentuk lapisan-lapisan (horison) atau biasa disebut profil tanah. Di tanah hutan yang dusah matang terdapat tiga horison penting yaitu horison A, B dan C.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Horison A atau top soil adalah lapisan tanah paling atas yang paling sering dan paling mudah dipengaruhi oleh faktor iklim dan faktor biologis. Pada lapisan ini sebagian besar bahan organik terkumpul dan mengalami pembusukan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Horison B disebutkan juga dengan zona penumpukan ( illuvation zone ). Horizon ini memiliki bahan organik yang lebih sedikit tetapi lebih banyak mengandung unsur yang tercuci daripada horizon A.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Horizon C adalah zona yang terdiri dari batuan terlapuk yang merupakan bagian dari batuan induk.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.7pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Warna tanah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Warna adalah petunjuk untuk beberapa sifat tanah. Biasanya perbedaan warna permukaan tanah disebabkan oleh perbedaan kandungan bahan organik. Semakin gelap warna semakin tinggi kandungan bahan organiknya. Warna tanah dilapisan bawah yang kandungan bahan organik rendah lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh jumlah kandungan dan bentuk senyawa besi (Fe). Didaerah yang mempunyai sistem darinase (serapan air) buruk, warna tanahnya abu-abu karena ion besi yang terdapat didalam tanah berbentuk Fe 2+.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekstur tanah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen mineral dalam tanah terdiri dari campuran partikel-partikel yang secara individu berbeda ukurannya. Menurut ukuran partikelnya, komponen mineral dalam tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasir, berukuran 50 mikron – 2 mm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Debu, berukuran 2-50 mikron</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Liat, berukuran dibawah 2 mikron</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekstur tanah sangat berpengaruh pada proses pemupukan, terutama jika pupuk diberikan lewat tanah, pemupukan pada tanah bertekstur pasir tentunya berbeda dengan tanah bertekstur lempung atau liat, tanah bertekstur pasir memerlukan pupuk lebih besar karena unsur hara yang tersedia pada tanah berpasir lebih rendah. Disamping itu aplikasi pemupukan juga berbeda karena pada tanah berpasir pupuk tidak bisa diberikan sekaligus karena akan segera hilang terbawa air atau menguap.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedangkan, kapas memiliki struktur kapas yang lembut, dan juga memiliki daya serap air yang rendah. Sehingga, media tanam dengan kapas dapat terjaga kelembabannya, dan juga memiliki persediaan air dalam jangka waktu yang lama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan Media Tanam terhadap Kecepatan Perkecambahan</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hubungan antara media tanam dengan kecepatan perkecambahan adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Daya intermolekul, merupakan tenaga listrik pada molekul-molekul tanah / media tumbuh : makin rapat molekul-molekulnya, makin sulit air diserap oleh biji yang berbanding terbalik dengan kecepatan penyerapan air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hal ini menyebabkan biji Kacng Hijau akan sulit untuk berkecambah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Media tanam bertekstur pasir sangat mudah diolah, media jenis ini memiliki aerasi (ketersediaan rongga udara) dan drainase yang baik, namun memiliki luas permukaan kumulatif yang relatif kecil, sehingga kemampuan menyimpan air sangat rendah atau tanahnya lebih cepat kering. Sehingga dapat menghambat kecepatan pertumbuhan kecambah karena kurangnya kelembaban.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kajian dan Hasil Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap media tanam selalu memiliki daya intermolekul (tenaga listrik pada molekul-molekul media tumbuh) yang berbeda-beda. Apabila, molekul-molekulnya rapat maka air akan sulit diresap oleh biji tersebut. Sedangkan, apabila molekul-molekulnya renggang maka air akan mudah diresap oleh biji tersebut. Jadi, daya intermolekul itu berbanding terbalik dengan kecepatan penyerapan air. Sehingga, perkecambahan dapat terpengaruh oleh daya intermolekul suatu media tanam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Selanjutnya, setiap media tanam selalu memiliki tekstur yang berbeda-beda. Apabila, media tanam tersebut bertekstur pasir maka media itu mudah untuk diolah, media jenis ini memiliki aerasi (ketersediaan rongga udara) dan drainase yang baik, namun memiliki luas permukaan komulatif yang relatif kecil, sehingga kemampuan menyimpan air sangat rendah dan media tersebut lebih cepat kering. Yang kemudian, kecambah biji akan sulit bertumbuh karena kekurangan air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak hanya tekstur dan daya intermolekul yang dapat mempengaruhi perkecambahan, tetapi juga kandungan-kandungan unsur yang ada dalam media tanam tersebut. Kandungan unsur-unsur itu ada yang dapat mempercepat pertumbuhan dan juga memperhambat pertumbuhan. Tapi, kebanyakan unsur-unsurnya dapat membantu biji dalam perkecambahan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan Hipotesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Berbagai media tanam dapat berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau.”.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">METODOLOGI PENELITIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel </span></b></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel bebas:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Media tanam untuk perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau.</span></div><ol start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel kontrol:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis biji Kacang Hijau, air untuk penyiraman, volume air, tempat untuk media tanam beserta kecambah.</span></div><ol start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabel terikat / respon:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rancangan Penelitian</span></b></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perlakuan 1 : disimpan di media tanah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perlakuan 2 : disimpan di media kapas</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sasaran Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menemukan media tanam yang cepat mempengaruhi perkecambahan biji kacang hijau,dengan target kurang dari 7 hari.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat dan Bahan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat dan bahan yang diperlukan untuk melakukan eksperimen, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12 biji Kacang Hijau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Air 50 ml</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanah secukupnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kapas secukupnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2 buah gelas aqua berukuran sama</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Stopwatch/jam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pensil, penggaris</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Prosedur Pelaksanaan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut ini adalah prosedur penelitian pengaruh media tanam untuk biji Kacang Hijau terhadap kecepatan perkecambahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Siapkan alat-alat dan bahan yang diperlukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Masukkan tanah ke gelas aqua 1 dan kapas ke gelas aqua 2, volume dari keduanya harus berjumlah sama, lebih kurang ¼ bagian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanam 6 biji Kacang Hijau ke dalam setiap gelas aqua yang berisi tanah dan kapas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Amati perkecambahan biji dengan interval 24 jam atau sehari sekali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Catat hasil pengamatan ke dalam tabel pengamatan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rencana Analisis Data</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada penelitian ini, analisis data yang dapat dilakukan adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mencari nilai rata-rata kecepatan perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau pada tiap perlakuan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Membandingkan hasil antara satu perlakuan dengan perlakuan yang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadwal Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadwal penelitian mengenai pengaruh berbagai media tanam terhadap kecepatan perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau, adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div><div style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">Hari ke 1-2 : mencari alat dan bahan yang dibutuhkan</div><div style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">Hari ke 3 : mempersiapkan alat dan bahan</div><div style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">Hari ke 4-10 : melakukan penelitian</div><div style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">Hari ke 11-12: analisis data</div><div style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">Hari ke 13-16: membuat laporan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">DATA DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Deskripsi Data</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekstur tanah sangat berpengaruh pada proses pemupukan, terutama jika pupuk diberikan lewat tanah, pemupukan pada tanah bertekstur pasir tentunya berbeda dengan tanah bertekstur lempung atau liat, tanah bertekstur pasir memerlukan pupuk lebih besar karena unsur hara yang tersedia pada tanah berpasir lebih rendah. Disamping itu aplikasi pemupukan juga berbeda karena pada tanah berpasir pupuk tidak bisa diberikan sekaligus karena akan segera hilang terbawa air atau menguap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedangkan, kapas memiliki struktur kapas yang lembut, dan juga memiliki daya serap air yang rendah. Sehingga, media tanam dengan kapas dapat terjaga kelembabannya, dan juga memiliki persediaan air dalam jangka waktu yang lama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam penelitian ini, biji dengan media kapas lebih cepat daripada dengan media tanah. Berikut ini adalah hasil pengukuran pertumbuhan biji selama jangka waktu 5 hari.</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam cm</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rabu</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kamis</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jum’at</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.5pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sabtu</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.5pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">minggu</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.25pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kapas</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tanah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kapas</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tanah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kapas</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.25pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kapas</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tanah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kapas</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.25pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tanah</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.75pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji 1</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji 2</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji 3</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji 4</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji 5</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Biji 6</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.25pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.5pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,9</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,9</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,7</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.25pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,7</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3,2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2,4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,8</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,7</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,8</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,7</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,6</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">0,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.25pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12,4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">11,1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,6</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7,9</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6,9</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.25pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8,0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4,4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,6</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1,0</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah diteliti, ternyata perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau lebih cepat di media kapas. Alasannya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Daya intermolekul yang dimiliki oleh tanah kecil. Sehingga molekul-molekulnya yang rapat dapat membuat air sulit diserap oleh biji. Sedangkan di kapas, moleku-molekulnya renggang sehingga biji dapat menyerap dengan mudah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanah bertekstur pasir sangat mudah diolah, media ini memeliki aerasi (ketersediaan rongga udara) dan drainase yang baik, namun memiliki luas permukaan kumulatif yang relatif kecil, sehingga kemampuan menyimpan air sangat rendah atau tanahnya lebih cepat kering. Sehingga dapat menghambat kecepatan pertumbuhan kecambah karena kurangnya kelembaban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadi, setiap media yang berbeda pasti selalu memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda-beda terhadap suatu perkecambahan. Karena, setiap media tanam pasti memiliki daya intermolekul, tekstur, unsur, dan yang lainnya berbeda-beda.<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">BAB V</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadi, kesimpulannya adalah media tanam dapat berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan perkecambahan biji Kacang Hijau. Mulai dari daya intermolekul, tekstur media tersebut dan lain-lain. Apabila media tanam memiliki daya intermolekul yang kecil maka kecepatan perkecambahan juga akan lambat dikarenakan biji sulit dalam menyerap air. Sedangkan, apabila daya intermolekul besar maka sebaliknya. Sedangkan, dilihat dari tekstur, apabila media tanam memiliki tektur pasir atau kasar, maka akar akan sulit mendapatkan air dikarenakan tekstur pasir mudah kengalami kekeringan. Sedangkan, tekstur serat atau halus membuat akar mudah mendapatkan air karena kelembaban akan terjadi dalam jangka waktu lama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saran terhadap penelitian ini adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lebih baik dilakukan penelitian lebih detail mengenai unsur-unsur yang terkandung dalam media tanam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perlu dilakukan penelitian kembali untuk mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan perkecambahan kacang Hijau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
semoga makalah bisa jadi bahan referensi buat Anda.<br />
terimanakasih atas kunjungan Anda.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4493242743196730144.post-88752618266911127382011-12-16T19:33:00.000-08:002011-12-16T19:33:54.651-08:00UNSUR ALKALI<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alhamdulillahi robbill alamin, puji syukur keadirat Allah SWT, atas segala rahmat, hidayah, dan inayah-N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang tiada ternilai sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan judul “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur Golongan Alkali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan, tapi berkat bimbingan dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bapak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Guru sehingga penulisan makalah ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Terimakasih penulis haturkan kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bapak Suradin, S.pd</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai guru mata pelajaran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang telah membimbing penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini, tidak lupa pula penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang tua penulis yang terus memberikan do’a restu, dukungan baik meteri maupun spiritual dengan penuh keikhlasan dan kesabaran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teman-teman kelas yang telah berbagi suka maupun duka, atas kebersamaan dan persahabatan kalian sangat memberikan arti kehidupan yang merupakan anugerah terindah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan makalah. Terutama kepada “google” yang telah memberikan banyak informasi dan bahan kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan makalah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seseorang yang spesial di hati yang tak henti-hentinya memberikan semangat dikala lelah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhir kata penulis menyadari hasil makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan oleh sebab itu kritik yang bersifat membangun dari pembaca senantiasa penulis harapkan demi kesempurnaan wawasan penulis dan semoga makalah ini dapat berguna sebagai bacaan dan menambah ilmu pengetahuan pembaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kendari, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">November</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Penulis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KATA PENGANTAR<span> </span>……………………………………………………………<span> </span>i</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR ISI<span> </span>……………………………………………………………………<span> </span>ii</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Latar Belakang<span> </span>......................................................................................<span> </span>1</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rumusan Masalah<span> </span>.........................................................................<span> </span>1</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tujuan Penulisan<span> </span>......................................................................................<span> </span>1</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manfaat Penulisan<span> </span>.........................................................................<span> </span>1<span> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KAJIAN TEORI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Unsur-unsur Gol. Alkali<span> </span>...........................................................<span> </span>2</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat-sifat Unsur Gol. Alkali<span> </span>...........................................................<span> </span>2</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keberadaan Unsur Gol. Alkali di Alam<span> </span>..............................................<span> </span>3</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara Pembuatan Unsur Gol. Alkali<span> </span>..............................................<span> </span>3</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegunaan Unsur Gol. Alkali<span> </span>...........................................................<span> </span>4</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 3pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 90pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Unsur-unsur gol. Alkali<span> </span>........................................................................<span> </span>5</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat-sifat Unsur Gol. Alkali</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat fisik unsur gol. Alkali</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>..........................................................<span> </span>5</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat kimia unsur gol. Alkali</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi dengan air<span> </span>.......................................................................<span> </span>6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi dengan udara<span> </span>..........................................................<span> </span>6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi dengan hidrogen<span> </span>..........................................................<span> </span>7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi dengan halogen<span> </span>..........................................................<span> </span>7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi dengan senyawa<span> </span>..........................................................<span> </span>7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 127.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keberadaan Unsur gol. Alkali<span> </span>..........................<span> </span>...................<span> </span>7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cara Pembuatan Unsur Gol. Alkali<span> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Elektrolisis litium</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>.......................................................................<span> </span>8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Elektrolisis natrium</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>.......................................................................<span> </span>9</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metode reduksi</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>.......................................................................<span> </span>10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegunaan Unsur Gol. Alkali</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Logam alkali</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>....................................................................................<span> </span>10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa alkali</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>.......................................................................<span> </span>11</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB IV </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN & SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan<span> </span>.............................................................................<span> </span>12</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 92.15pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saran<span> </span>.........................................................................................<span> </span>12</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<span> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kata alkali berasal dari bahasa arab yang berarti abu, air abu bersifat basa.Kata alkali ini menunjukkan bahwa kecenderungan sifat logam alkali adalah membentuk basa.Alkali merupakan unsure logam yang sangat reaktif. Logam alkali adalah logam golongan IA yang terdiri dari Litium (Li), Natrium (Na), Kalium(K), Rubidium (Rb), Sesium (Cs), dan Fransium (Fr). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur pada golongan IA ini memiliki sifat, yakni suatu reduktor, pembentuk basa, dan mempunyai warna nyala yang indah, sehingga digunakan sebagai kembang api.Semua unsur pada kelompok ini sangat reaktif sehingga secara alami tak pernah ditemukan dalam bentuk tunggal. Untuk menghambat reaktivitas, unsur-unsur logam alkali harus disimpan dalam medium minyak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelimpahan unsur Litium, Natrium, Kalium, Rubidium, dan Sesium dalam bumi beraneka ragam. Mereka ditemukan dalam bentuk senyawa, karena sifatnya yang sangat reaktif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan alkali dapat dilakukan dengan mengelektrolisis larutan NaCl menjadi padatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali memiliki peran yang cukup banyak dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, baik dalam bidang industri maupun untuk kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur apa saja yang merupakan golongan alkali?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana sifat fisik dan kimia unsur golongan alkali?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana cara pembuatan unsur golongan alkali?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa kegunaan unsur golongan alkali?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mengetahui sifat, cara pembuatan, dan kegunaan unsur golongan alkali.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk memenuhi nilai ketuntasan dalam pembelajaran, dalam hal ini tugas harian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat Penulisan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat penulisan ini adalah sebagai bahan bacaan bagi pembaca untuk menambah pengetahuan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">KAJIAN TEORI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali adalah logam golongan IA yang terdiri dari Litium (Li), Natrium (Na), Kalium(K), Rubidium (Rb), Sesium (Cs), dan Fransium (Fr). Namun, unsur Fransium merupakan unsur yang bersifat radioaktif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat-sifat Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Unsur logam alkali (IA) terdiri dari litium, natrium, kalium, rubidium, sesium, dan fransium. Unsur Ini mempunyai energi ionisasi paling kecil karena mempunyai konfigurasi elektron ns<sup>1</sup>. Oleh karena itu, unsur logam alkali mudah melepaskan elektron dan merupakan reduktor yang paling kuat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span> </span>Beberapa sifat fisik unsur alkali adalah logam lunak, berwarna putih mengkilap, konduktor yang baik, dan mempunyai Titik leleh yang rendah, serta ditemukan dalam bentuk garamnya. Beberapa sifat fisik logam alkali:</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="LightGrid-Accent11" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 40.85pt;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat fisik</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.05pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Li</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rb</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cs</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik Didih <sup>0</sup> C</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,342</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">883</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">759</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">688</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">671</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik Leleh <sup>0</sup> C</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">180.5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">97.7</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">63.3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39.33</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">28.4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Energi ionisasi (Kj/mol)</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">520.5</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">495.8</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">418.8</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">403</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">375.7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari-jari ion</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.60</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.95</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.33</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.48</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.69</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konfigurasi elektron</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8.1</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8.8.1</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8.18.8.1</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8.18.18.8.1</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keelektronegatifan</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.0</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.9</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4cm;" valign="top" width="151"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerapatan (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.534</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.971</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0.862</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.532</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.873</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Selain sifat fisik, logam alkali memiliki beberapa sifat kimia antara lain, sangat reaktif, dapat membentuk senyawa basa kuat, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mudah larut dalam air (kelarutannya semakin ke bawah semakin besar).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reaksi-reaksi logam alkali sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Reaksi dengan Halogen</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Reaksi antara logam alkali dengan halogen berlangsung sangat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">cepat, membentuk halida logam.<u><span></span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Reaksi: 2 M(s) + X2--> 2 MX(s)<br />
dengan: M = logam alkali (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)<br />
X = halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Reaktifitas logam alkali semakin meningkat jika energi ionisasinya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">semakin berkurang, sehingga Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Reaksi dengan Hidrogen dan Nitrogen</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Logam alkali bereaksi dengan gas hidrogen membentuk senyawa putih berbentuk kristal yang disebut hidrida, MH. Reaksi terjadi dengan lambat pada suhu kamar dan membutuhkan pemanasan untuk melelehkan logam alkali. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi: 2 M(s) + H2(g)-->2 MH(s)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak semua logam alkali bereaksi dengan nitrogen, hanya litium yang membentuk litium nitrit (Li3N) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi: 6 Li(s) + N2(g) -->2 Li3N(s)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keberadaan Unsur Golongan Alkali di Alam</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Na, K terdapat dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak di air laut , kerak bumi, dan komponen dari tumbuh-tumbuhan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Li, Rb, Cs terdapat dalam jumlah yang relatif sedikit di air laut dan kerak bumi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fr jarang ditemukan karena merupakan hasil peluruhan bahan radioaktif 227Ac dengan waktu paro 21 menit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara Pembuatan Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi pembuatan logam alkali dari senyawanya merupakan reaksi reduksi. Logam-logam alkali dapat diperoleh dari elektrolisis leburan garam-garamnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Natrium merupakan unsur alkali dengan daya reduksi paling rendah dengan sumber utamanya adalah halit (umumnya dalam bentuk NaCl).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan natrium dapat dilakukan dengan proses Downs, yaitu elektrolisis lelehan NaCl. Air asin yang mengandung NaCl diuapkan sampai kering kemudian padatan yang gterbentuk dihancurkan untuk kemudian dilelehkan. Sedangkan untuk mengurangi biaya pemanasan, NaCl dicampur dengan 1</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">/2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bagian CaCl<sub>2 </sub>untuk menurunkan suhu lebur hingga 580 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">°C.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Logam alkali dibuat dengan elektrolisis cairan garamnya (sebagai klorida).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Reaksi : LCl<i>(l) </i></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> L+ + Cl–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Katode : L+ + e– </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> L</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Anode : 2 Cl– </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Cl2 + 2 e–</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kegunaan Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa kegunaan atau manfaat unsur golongan alkali antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NaCl<span> </span>: garam dapur ( garam meja );pengawet makanan ; bahan baku<span> </span>pembuatan NaOH,Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,logam Na dan gas klorin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>: soda cuci ; pelunak kesadahan air ; zat pembersih peralatan rumah tangga ; pembuat gelas ; industri kertas ; sabun ; deterjen ; minuman botol.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NaHCO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>:soda kue ; campuran pada minuman dalam botol agar menghasilkan CO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ; bahan pemadam api ; obat-obatan ; bahan pembuat kue ; sebagai larutan penyangga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NaOCl<span> </span>:zat pengelantang untuk kain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NaNO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>:pupuk ; bahan pembuatan senyawa nitrat yang lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>:garam glauber atau garam inggris ; obat pencahar ; zat pengering untuk senyawa organik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KBr <span> </span>:digunakan sebagai obat penenang saraf (sedatif) ; pembuat plat fotografi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KIO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span> </span>:untuk campuran garam dapur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cr</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span> </span>:digunakan sebagai zat pengoksidasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III<br />
PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama “alkali” berasal dari bahasa Arab, al-qali,yang artinya “abu”,sebab para ilmuan Muslim pada abad pertengahan mendapatkan garam-garam alkali dari abu tumbuhan laut yang dibakar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam Sistem Periodik Unsur, unsur-unsur yang terletak pada golongan IA yaitu litium (Li), natrium (Na), kalium (K), rubidium (Rb), sesium (Cs) dan fransium (Fr) disebut <strong>logam</strong> <strong>alkali</strong>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat-sifat Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan konfigurasi elektron diketahui semua unsur alkali memiliki 1 elektron yang terletak pada kulit terluar. Persamaan ini menyebabkan unsur-unsur alkali memiliki sifat kimia yang mirip</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat Fisik Unsur golongan Alkali</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara umum, logam alkali ditemukan dalam bentuk padat, kecuali sesium yang berbentuk cair. Padatan logam alkali sangat lunak seperti sabun atau lilin sehingga dapat diiris menggunakan pisau. Hal ini disebabkan karena logam alkali hanya memiliki satu elektron pada kulit terluarnya. Beberapa sifat fisik logam alkali seperti yang tertera di bawah ini.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="LightGrid-Accent11" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 62.1pt; width: 539px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Litium</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalium</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rubidium</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesium</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No. Atom</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">55</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konfigurasi elektron</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[He] 2s1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[Ne] 3s1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[Ar] 4s1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[Kr] 5s1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[Xe] 6s1</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari-jari atom</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,34</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,54</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,96</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,16</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,35</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik leleh</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">181</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">98</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">64</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">39</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik didih</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.336</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">881</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">766</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">694</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">679</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa jenis</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,54</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,97</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,87</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,53</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,88</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Energi ionisasi pertama</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">520</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">496</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">419</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">403</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">376</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Energi ionisasi kedua</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.298</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.562</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.051</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.632</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.420</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keelektronegatifan</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,0</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,9</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,8</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,8</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,7</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna nyala</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuning</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ungu</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah biru</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.45pt;" width="146"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensial reduksi</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 57.6pt;" width="77"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-3,04</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" width="83"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,71</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.55pt;" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2.92</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 62.85pt;" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,92</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,92</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kereaktifan logam alkali berkaitan dengan elektron valensinya yang berjumlah satu dan mudah lepas. Kereaktifan itu bertambah makin besarnya jari-jari logam alkali. Jadi, dari litium ke fransium makin reaktif. Berdasarkan tabel di atas, dalam satu golongan jari-jari atom dan massa jenis logam alkali bertambah, sedangkan titik didi, titik leleh, energi ionisasi, dan keelektronegatifan berkurang. Selain litium, potensial reduksi alkali dari atas ke bawah cenderung bertambah (negatif). Litium merupakan unsur yang memiliki potensial reduksi yang paling besar. Hal ini disebabkan volume atom litium sangat kecil sehingga terletak pada periode kedua.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Warna nyala yang dihasilkan oleh suatu unsur disebut <strong>sprektum</strong> <strong>emisi</strong>. Spektrum emisi yang dihasilkan berkaitan dengan model atom Neils Bohr. Ketika atom diberikan sejumlah energi, elektron-elektron yang berada pada keadaan dasar akan tereksitasi menuju kulit yang lebih tinggi dengan ringkat energi yang lebih tinggi. Elektron yang tereksitasi dapat kembali keadaan dasar atau mengimisi dengan memancarkan sejumlah energi dalam bentuk radiasi elektromagnetik dengan panjang gelombang (λ) tertentu. Spektrum emisi terjadi ketika larutan garamnya dibakar menggunakan nyala bunsen. Spektrum emisi yang dihasilkan setiap unsur berbeda antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat Kimia Unsur golongan Alkali</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali merupakan unsur logam yang sangat </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">reaktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> dibanding logam golongan lain. Hal ini disebabkan pada kulit terluarnya hanya terdapat satu elektron dan energi ionisasi yang lebih kecil dibanding unsur golongan lain. Dalam satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah, kereaktifan logam alkali makin bertambah seirng bertambahnya nomor atom.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi dengan Air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Produk yang diperoleh dari reaksi antara logam alkali dan air adalah gas hidrogen dan </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">logam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">hidroksida. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam hidroksida yang dihasilkan merupakan suatu basa kuat. Makin kuat sifat logamnya basa yang dihasilkan makin kuat pula, dengan demikian basa paling kuat yaitu dihasilkan oleh sesium. Reaksi antara logam alkali dan air adalah sebaga berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2M</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(l)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ―→ 2MOH</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + H<sub>2</sub></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(g)</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(M = logam alkali)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi antara logam alkali dengan air merupakan reaksi yang eksotermis. Li bereaksi dengan tenang dan sangat lambat, Natrium dan kalium bereaksi dengan keras dan cepat, sedangkan rubidium dan sesium bereaksi dengan keras dan dapat menimbulkan ledakan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi dengan Udara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali pada udara terbuka dapat bereaksi dengan uap air dan oksigen. Untuk menghindari hal ini, biasanya litium, natrium dan kalium disimpan dalam minyak atau minyak tanah untuk menghindari terjadinya kontak dengan udara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Litium merupakan satu-satunya unsur alkali yang bereaksi dengan </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">nitrogen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> membentuk Li<sub>3</sub>N. Hal ini disebabkan ukuran kedua atom yang tidak berbeda jauh dan struktur yang dihasilkanpun sangat kompak dengan energi kisi yang besar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Produk yang diperoleh dari reaksi antara logam alkali dengan </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oksigen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yakni berupa </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oksida logam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Berikut reaksi yang terjadi antara alkali dengan oksigen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4M + O<sub>2</sub> ―→ 2L<sub>2</sub>O (L = logam alkali)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pembakaran logam alkali, oksida yang terbentuk bermacam-macam tergantung pada jumlah oksigen yang tersedia. Bila jumlah oksigen berlebih, natrium membentuk </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peroksida</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, sedangkan kalium, rubidium dan sesium selain peroksida dapat pula membentuk membentuk </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">superoksida</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Persamaan reaksinya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Na</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + O<sub>2</sub></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(g)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ―→ Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + O<sub>2</sub></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(g)</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">―→ LO<sub>2</sub></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(L = kalium, rubidium dan sesium)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi dengan Hidrogen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan pemanasan logam alkali dapat bereaksi dengan </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">hidrogen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> membentuk senyawa hidrida. Senyawa hidrida yaitu senyawaan logam alkali yang atom hidrogen memiliki bilangan oksidasi -1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2L</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + H<sub>2</sub></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(g)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ―→ 2LH</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(L = logam alkali)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi dengan Halogen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur halogen merupakan suaru oksidator sedangkan logam alkali merupakan reduktor kuat. Oleh sebab itu reaksi yang terjadi antara logam alkali dengan halogen merupakan reaksi yang kuat. Produk yang diperoleh dari reaksi ini berupa garam halida.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2L + X<sub>2 </sub>―→<sub> </sub>2LX (L = logam alkali, X = halogen)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam-logam alkali dapat bereaksi dengan amoniak bila dipanaskan dan akan terbakar dalam aliran hidrogen klorida.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2L + 2HCl ―→ LCl + H<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2L + 2NH<sub>3</sub> ―→ LNH<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2 </sub>L = logam alkali</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keberadaan Unsur Golongan Alkali di Alam</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Di alam tidak terdapat dalam keadaan bebas, melainkan dalam keadaan terikat dalam bentuk senyawa. Berikut ini tabel kadar unsur-unsur alkali di kerak bumi dalam satuan bpj (bagian per sejuta). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="LightGrid-Accent11" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 40.85pt; width: 189px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.1pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kadar ( bpj)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Li</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.1pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">65</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Na</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.1pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">28.300</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">K</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.1pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">25.900</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rb</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.1pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">310</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cs</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(211, 223, 238); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189) rgb(79, 129, 189) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.1pt;" valign="top" width="128"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa-senyawa alkali yang paling banyak terdapat di alam adalah senyawa natrium dan kalium. Unsur alkali yang paling sedikit dijumpai adalah fransium, sebab unsur ini bersifat radioaktif dengan waktu paro pendek 21 menit, sehingga mudah berubah menjadi unsur lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai unsur-unsur alkali yang paling banyak dijumpai di alam, tidak aneh jika unsur natrium dan kalium ikut berperan dalam metabolisme pada makhluk hidup. Pada tubuh manusia dan hewan, ion-ion Na<sup>+</sup> dan K<sup>+ </sup>berperan dalam menghantarkan konduksi saraf, serta dalam memelihara keseimbangan osmosis dan pH darah. Pada tumbuh-tumbuhan, ion K<sup>+ </sup>jauh lebih penting dari pada ion Na<sup>+</sup>, sebab ion K<sup>+</sup> merupakan zat esensial untuk pertumbuhan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Adapun logam-logam alkali lainnya sedikit dijumpai di alam. Jumlah litium relatif lebih banyak daripada sesium dan rubidium. Ketiga unsur ini (Li,Cs dan Rb) terdapat dalam mineral fosfat trifilit, dan pada mineral silikat lepidolit kita temukan litium yang bercampur dengan alumunium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara Pembuatan Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Semua logam alkali hanya dapat diisolasi dari leburan garam halidanya melalui proses elektrolisis. Garam-garam halida mempunyai titik lebur yang sangat tinggi, oleh karena itu umumnya ditambahkan garam halida yang lain untuk menurunkan titik lebur garam halidanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elektrolisis Litium</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar logam litium</span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Sumber logam <strong>litium</strong> adalah spodumene (LiAl(SO)<sub>3</sub>). Spodumene dipanaskan pada suhu 100 <sup>o</sup>C kemudian ditambah H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pekat panas sehingga diperoleh Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. Campuran yang terbentuk dilarutkan ke dalam air. Larutan Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> ini kemudian direaksikan dengan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. Dari reaksi ini terbentuk endapan Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><em>(aq)</em><sub> </sub>+ Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><em>(aq)</em><sub> </sub>―→ Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><em>(s)</em><sub> </sub>+ Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><em>(aq)</em></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Setelah dilakukan pemisahan Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> yang diperoleh direaksikan dengan HCl sehingga diperoleh garam LiCl.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><em>(s)</em><sub> </sub>+ 2HCl<em>(aq)</em><sub> </sub>―→ 2LiCl + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> </sub>+ CO<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Garam LiCl ini yang akan digunakan sebagain bahan dasar elektrolisis litium. Namun karena titik lebur LiCl yang sangat tinggi sekitar 600 °C maka ditambahkan KCl dengan perbandingan volume 55% LiCl dan 45% KCl. Penambahan KCl ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan titik lebur LiCl menjadi 430 ºC. Reaksi yang terjadi pada proses elektrolisis Li adalah sebagai berikut</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Katoda : Li<sup>+ </sup>+ e<sup> </sup>―→ Li</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Anoda : 2Cl‾<sup> </sup>―→ Cl<sub>2 </sub>+ 2e</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Selama elektrolisis berlangsung ion Li<sup>+</sup> dari leburan garam klorida akan bergerak menuju katoda. Ketika tiba dikatoda ion-ion litium akan mengalami reaksi reduksi menjadi padatan Li yang menempel pada permukaan katoda. Padatan yang terbentuk dapat diambil secara periodik, dicuci kemudian digunakan untuk proses selanjutnya sesuai keperluan. Sedangkan ion Cl‾ akan bergerak menuju anoda yang kemudian direduksi menjadi gas Cl<sub>2</sub>.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Elektrolisis Natrium</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar logam natrium</span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><strong><span style="line-height: 115%;">Natrium dapat diperoleh dari elektrolisis leburan NaCl dengan menambahkan CaCl<sub>2</sub> menggunakan proses downs cell. Penambahan CaCl<sub>2</sub> bertujuan menurunkan titih leleh NaCl dari 801ºC menjadi 580 ºC. Proses ini dilakukan dalam sel silinder meggunakan anoda dari grafit dan katoda dari besi atau tembaga. Selama proses elektrolisis berlangsung, ion-ion Na<sup>+</sup> bergerak menuju katoda kemudian mengendap dan menempel pada katoda, sedangkan ion Cl‾ memebntuk gas Cl<sub>2</sub> pada anoda. Reaksi yang terjadi pada proses elektrolisis natrium dari lelehan NaCl:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Peleburan NaCl ―→ Na<sup>+</sup> + Cl‾</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Katoda : Na<sup>+ </sup>+ e<sup> </sup>―→ Na</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Anoda : 2Cl‾<sup> </sup>―→ Cl<sub>2 </sub>+ 2e</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Reaksi elektrolisis: Na<sup>+</sup> + Cl‾―→ Na + Cl<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Reduksi</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 6cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar logam kalium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalium, rubidium, dan sesium tidak dapat diperoleh dengan proses elektrolis karena logam-logam yang terbentuk pada anoda akan segera larut kembali dalam larutan garam yang digunakan. Oleh sebab itu untuk memperoleh Kalium, rubidium, dan sesium dilakukan melalui metode reduksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar logam sesium</span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Proses yang dilakukan untuk memperoleh ketiga logam ini serupa yaitu dengan mereaksikan lelehan garamnya dengan natrium.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span>Na + LCl ―→ L + NaCl (L= kalium, rubidium dan sesium)</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Dari reaksi di atas L dalam bentuk gas yang dialirkan keluar. Gas yang keluar kemudian dipadatkan dengan menurunkan tekanan atau suhu sehingga terbentuk padatan logam L. Karena jumlah produk berkurang maka reaksi akan bergeser ke arah produk. Demikian seterusnya hingga semua logam L habis bereaksi.</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 15.3pt;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Gambar logam rubidium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kegunaan Unsur Golongan Alkali</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali mempunyai kegunaan sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karena mudah bereaksi dengan air atau O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">logam alkali bisa digunakan sebagai pengikat air atau O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pada pembuatan tabung vakum alat elektronik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali Na bisa digunakan sebagai lampu penerangan karena mampu menem-bus kabut.Selain itu, Na bisa juga digunakan pada pembuatan TEL (ditambahkan pada bensin).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Logam alkali/ karena mempunyai titik leleh yang rendah, bisa digunakan sebagai medium pemindahan panas pada reaktor nuklir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa Alkali</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Senyawa alkali mempunyai kegunaan sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">NaCl.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Senyawa alkali NaCI bisa digunakan sebagai garam dapur dan pengawet makanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">NaOH. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">senyawa alkali NaOH bisa digunakan pada pembuatan sabun, kertas, dan tekstil.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa alkali Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> bisa digunakan sebaqai pembersih peralatan rumah tangga.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">NaHCO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa alkali NaHC03 bisa digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat kue dan campuran pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">minuman yang menghasilkan C02.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">Na-Benzoat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa Na-benzoat bisa digunakan sebagai pengawet makanan dalam kaleng.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">Na-Glutamat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa alkali Na-glutamat bisa digunakan pada pembuatan penyedap rasa (vetsin).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">Na-Salisilat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa alkali Na-salisilat, dalam bidang farmasi, bisa digunakan sebagai obat penurun panas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KCI. Senyawa alkali KCI, dalam bidang pertanian, bisa digunakan sebagai pupuk tanaman.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KOH. Senyawa alkali KOH bisa digunakan pada pembuatan sabun mandi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">KCIO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt; line-height: 115%;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Senyawa alkali KC1O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> bisa digunakan sebagai bahan korek api dan zat peledak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KIO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa alkali KIO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> bisa digunakarl sebagai campuran garam dapur, yakni sebagaj sumber <span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">iodin.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN & SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari beberapa penjelasan yang telah dibahas, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Dalam sistim periodik logam alkali terdapat pada kolom pertama paling kiri sering juga disebut dengan ”Golongan IA”, terdiri dari: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) dan francium (Fr). Disebut logam alkali karena oksidanya dapat bereaksi dengan air menghasilkan larutan yang bersifat basa (alkaline). Logam Alkali juga memiliki sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia, seperti logam alkali berbentuk padatan kristalin, merupakan penghantar panas dan listrik yang baik, merupakan reduktor paling kuat, mudah bereaksi dengan air, sehingga logam harus disimpan dalam minyak tanah, dan lain-lain. Logam alkali juga memiliki kelimpahan di alam yang berbeda-beda, misalnya natrium yang merupakan unsur terbanyak yang ada di alam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Logam alkali ini juga dapat dibuat, baik melalui proses elektrolisis untuk logam alkali, dan reduksi untuk senyawa alkali. Selain itu, logam alkali memiliki benyak peran dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, baik dibidang industri maupun di laboraratorium sebagai ilmu pengetahuan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagi para pembaca makalah ini, sebaiknya tidak merasa puas, karena masih banyak ilmu-ilmu yang dapat diperoleh dari berbagai sumber.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebaiknya mencari ilmu lain untuk lebih memperdalam materi mengenai Kimia Unsur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alangkah baiknya jika mempelajari juga unsur-unsur kimia yang lain dalam tabel periodik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06777311660437474584noreply@blogger.com0